Codes used within the body are used for communication between different cells or communications from one part of a cell to another part of that same cell. This communication is by means of chemicals, such as proteins. So, when cells communicate, each chemical communicator carries a different message, or several different messages.

These chemical communicators must be constructed in the proper quantity and at the proper time in order for them to be used effectively. The blueprints for the chemical communicators are contained in the arrangement of the atoms of a molecule of DNA. So, DNA is sometimes referred to as "encoded" formulae for the production of certain chemicals and genes. That is, the formulae or blueprints for the chemicals and genes are written in a code that is expressed by the arrangement of the atoms of a DNA molecule. The only known function of DNA is to record information. DNA is the paper on which the blueprints for chemicals and genes are written. The only known function of DNA is to record information.

Each DNA molecule contains approximately three billion instructions. Previous research showed that the DNA molecule provided instructions for the structure of 100,000 separate proteins. However, recent research has show that the codes contained in DNA define the structure of approximately 21,000 separate proteins. The instructions for these 21,000 proteins comprise only 7% - 26% of all of DNA. Darwinian theorists did not know how the remaining 74% - 93% of the DNA was used, so they referred to it as "junk." They argued that the existence of this "junk" was evidence of evolution and argued that the "junk" was left over from previous incarnations of humans. New discoveries have shown that the junk DNA is not junk at all, but is transcribed as RNA and contains instructions for the application of other chemicals that DNA encodes. Rather than "junk" it is the tip of an iceberg of vast complexities and interactions between chemicals that have defined and encoded in the DNA molecule.

"Biology’s new glimpse at a universe of non-coding DNA — what used to be called ‘junk’ DNA — has been fascinating and befuddling. Researchers from an international collaborative project called the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) showed that in a selected portion of the genome containing just a few per cent of protein-coding sequence, between 74% and 93% of DNA was transcribed into RNA2. Much non-coding DNA has a regulatory role; small RNAs of different varieties seem to control gene expression at the level of both DNA and DNA transcripts in ways that are still only beginning to become clear. “Just the sheer existence of these exotic regulators suggests that our understanding about the most basic things — such as how a cell turns on and off — is incredibly naive,” says Joshua Plotkin, a mathematical biologist at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia." 1

Each molecule may have numerous different regulatory functions and cascade into a maze of interactions

Even for a single molecule, vast swathes of messy complexity arise ... biologists have shifted to studying the p53 network [the application of p53, a protein molecule] as depicted in cartoons containing boxes, circles and arrows meant to symbolize its maze of interactions. 2

This previously misunderstood element of DNA is far from junk. It is the blueprint for the construction of vast networks of complex instructions relating to the implementation of the chemicals that other portions of the same DNA molecule define.

"When we started out, the idea was that signaling pathways were fairly simple and linear," says Tony Pawson, a cell biologist at the University of Toronto in Ontario. "Now, we appreciate that the signaling information in cells is organized through networks of information rather than simple discrete pathways. It is infinitely more complex."

. . .

A new discipline - systems biology - was supposed to help scientists make sense of the complexity ... So far all these attempts have run up against the same road-block: there is no way to gather all the relevant data about each interaction ... 3

The codes for the genes, the proteins and chemical communicators are expressed in terms of physical properties, not unlike the physical vibrations of a vocal cord or the letters on the page of your computer. But the codes themselves, like the words that are spoken in a particular language or the meaning of the letters on your computer screen are wholly non-physical.

They are pure logic. The explanation that Darwinian theorists propose to explain how this vast complexity of non-physical logic "evolved" stands inexorably upon the same bedrock upon which it has rested since 1856: All those entities that did not, by pure chance (the chance of mutations and the chance of environment), develop this incomprehensible complexity died. And that explains absolutely everything. It is all so frightfully simple.

Darwinists follow the haphazard trial of evolution not because it really explains what has been observed, but because it is their doctrine and alternative is simply not acceptable. Actual evidence for evolution is superfluous.

Even if there were no actual evidence in favor of the Darwinian theory ... we would still be justified in preferring it over rival theories [creationism]. 4

Here, Dr. Dawkins appears to characterize Darwinists as people who will believe what they choose to believe even if there is no evidence to support that belief. Without a doubt, his opinion of Darwinists is absolutely correct.

Besides the obvious problem of concluding that three billion instructions simply happened over the course of time by a series of extremely fortunate accidents, there are other significant problems for Darwinists to overcome. 

The threshold problem for Darwinists is that the codes contained in the DNA molecule have no direct relationship whatever with the proteins that they are used to make. The "writing" in the DNA molecule is not a prototype for the proteins that are produced from it - it is a language, a digital code that means something.  It does not contain a "sample" of the protein that it produces. All it is is code written with 24 specific letters formed by only four different kinds of groups of atoms, codes that another portion of the same cell has been constructed to understand. This is extremely complex, extremely comprehensive communication with a language. Where did the language come from?

The next problem is to explain how the protein production mechanism chooses which protein to produce and when, and after it chooses which protein to produce, how does it locate the specific code that produces that protein. All of this must also have been created by a series of accidental mutations and survival of the fittest.

 

1. Life is Complicated, Erica Hayden (Nature, Vol. 464, 1 April 2010)

2. Id.

3. Id.

4. Richard Dawkins, The Blind Watchmaker (NY Norton, 1986), 287, emphasis in the original.

5. Alberts, B, Bray, D, Lewis, J, Raff M., Roberts, K., and Watson, J, Molecular Biology of the Cell, Garland Publishing, 1983, p. 217.

 

 

 

The DNA molecule is a nucleic acid molecule contained in the nucleus of cells; its only function is to record codes. It is the paper on which the code is written.

 

re are approximately 21,000 These instructions are codes that direct the manufacture of approximately 100,000 different proteins that are used in the normal operation of our body.